Bioinformatic analysis of the structure and function of human TACSTD2 / 医学研究生学报

ObjectiveThe role of human tumor-related calcium signal transductor 2 (TACSTD2) in promoting tumorigenesis has been noticed recently. We predicted the molecular structure and biological function of TACSTD2 by bioinformatic methods, in order to provide reference for further study of TACSTD2.MethodsThe homo sapiens TACSTD2 mRNA and protein amino acid sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The bioinformatic methods were used to analyze the open reading frame(ORF) of TACSTD2, physicochemical properties, signal peptide and protein localization, subcellular localization, and prediction of transmembrane structure and secondary structure, tertiary structure, potential protein modification sites, domains, protein modification sites proteins, protein interacting with TACSTD2, biological functions of TACSTD2, and expression of TACSTD2 in human normal tissues and certain tumor types.ResultsAccording to the mRNA sequence of TACSTD2, there are 12 ORFs, and the longest is ORF1, with a total of 972bp, encoding 323 amino acids. The hydrophilic amino acid of TACSTD2 is more than that of hydrophobic amino acid, indicating that TACSTD2 belongs to hydrophilic protein. TACSTD2 is a highly conserved alkaline secreted protein with a transmembrane region both inside and outside the cytoplasm. The presence of nuclear localization signal(NLS) in the amino acid sequence of TACSTD2 suggests that TACSTD2 can locate in cell nucleus. TACSTD2 mainly distribute in cytoplasmic membrane, extracellular, nucleus and cytoplasm. The secondary structure prediction results showed that the main structure of TACSTD2 was random coil, followed by a α helix. TACSTD2 has 15 serine modification sites, 17 threonine modification sites, and 8 tyrosine modification sites. The TACSTD2 has protein interactions with Claudin(CLDN) protein family; and participating in signaling pathway such as cell surface receptor, cell proliferation, negative regulation of epithelial cell migration, and so on. Comparing with normal human tissues, its mRNA expression is up-regulated in most tumor types such as cervical cancer, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer.ConclusionAccording to the analysis of the structure and function of TACSTD2, TACSTD2 is highly-expression in multiple malignancies. It can participate in the process of proliferation, migration and adhesion of malignant tumor cells through cell surface receptor signaling pathways. This study provide reference for the further research about the function of TACSTD2.

Bioinformatic analysis of the structure and function of human TACSTD2 / 医学研究生学报

ObjectiveThe role of human tumor-related calcium signal transductor 2 (TACSTD2) in promoting tumorigenesis has been noticed recently. We predicted the molecular structure and biological function of TACSTD2 by bioinformatic methods, in order to provide reference for further study of TACSTD2.MethodsThe homo sapiens TACSTD2 mRNA and protein amino acid sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The bioinformatic methods were used to analyze the open reading frame(ORF) of TACSTD2, physicochemical properties, signal peptide and protein localization, subcellular localization, and prediction of transmembrane structure and secondary structure, tertiary structure, potential protein modification sites, domains, protein modification sites proteins, protein interacting with TACSTD2, biological functions of TACSTD2, and expression of TACSTD2 in human normal tissues and certain tumor types.ResultsAccording to the mRNA sequence of TACSTD2, there are 12 ORFs, and the longest is ORF1, with a total of 972bp, encoding 323 amino acids. The hydrophilic amino acid of TACSTD2 is more than that of hydrophobic amino acid, indicating that TACSTD2 belongs to hydrophilic protein. TACSTD2 is a highly conserved alkaline secreted protein with a transmembrane region both inside and outside the cytoplasm. The presence of nuclear localization signal(NLS) in the amino acid sequence of TACSTD2 suggests that TACSTD2 can locate in cell nucleus. TACSTD2 mainly distribute in cytoplasmic membrane, extracellular, nucleus and cytoplasm. The secondary structure prediction results showed that the main structure of TACSTD2 was random coil, followed by a α helix. TACSTD2 has 15 serine modification sites, 17 threonine modification sites, and 8 tyrosine modification sites. The TACSTD2 has protein interactions with Claudin(CLDN) protein family; and participating in signaling pathway such as cell surface receptor, cell proliferation, negative regulation of epithelial cell migration, and so on. Comparing with normal human tissues, its mRNA expression is up-regulated in most tumor types such as cervical cancer, lung cancer, thyroid cancer, uterine cancer, liver cancer, colorectal cancer.ConclusionAccording to the analysis of the structure and function of TACSTD2, TACSTD2 is highly-expression in multiple malignancies. It can participate in the process of proliferation, migration and adhesion of malignant tumor cells through cell surface receptor signaling pathways. This study provide reference for the further research about the function of TACSTD2.

Short-term Preoperative Octreotide for Thyrotropin-secreting Pituitary Adenoma / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism. Somatostatin (SST) analogs work by interacting with somatostatin receptors (SSTRs). This study aimed to evaluate short-term preoperative octreotide (OCT) use in TSHoma patients and to investigate SSTR2 and SSTR5 expression and observe structural changes in tumor tissue.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We reviewed records and samples from eight TSHoma patients treated between July 2012 and July 2015. We tested immunohistochemically for SSTR2/5 expression and examined TSHoma cells for morphological changes. Signed rank sum test was used to compare the efficacy of short-term preoperative OCT treatment.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>OCT treatment (median time: 7.9 days, range: 3-16 days; median total dose: 1.8 mg, range: 0.9-4.2 mg) led to significant decrease in all patients' thyroid hormone levels (FT3 [nmol/L]: 8.33 [7.02, 12.29] to 4.67 [3.52, 5.37] [P = 0.008]; FT4 [pmol/L]: 25.36 [21.34, 28.99] to 16.66 [14.88, 21.49] [P = 0.016]; and TSH [μU/ml]: 5.80 [4.37, 6.78] to 0.57 [0.19, 1.24] [P = 0.008]). All the eight tumor specimens expressed high SSTR2 protein levels; 5/8 expressed high SSTR5, but 3/8 that expressed low SSTR5 presented a significantly higher TSH suppression rate (P = 0.036). Electron microscopy showed subcellular level impairments, including clumped nuclear chromatin and reduced cytoplasmic volume. Golgi complexes were observed in the OCT-treated TSHoma specimens.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>OCT can control hormone levels and damage the ultrastructure of tumor cells and organelles. Short-term response to OCT may be related to SSTR5 expression. Preoperative SST analog treatment for TSHoma could be considered as a combination therapy.</p>

Diagnostic significance of intraoperative ultrasound contrast in evaluating the resection degree of brain glioma by transmission electron microscopic examination / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Contrast-enhanced ultrasound is a dynamic and continuous modality providing real-time view of vascularization and flow distribution patterns of different organs and tumors. In order to evaluate the diagnostic significance of intraoperative contrast-enhanced ultrasound in assessing the resection degree of brain glioma by transmission electron microscopic (TEM) examination, it is important to have specific knowledge about contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Methods : Ultrasound contrast was applied in operations of 120 cases of brain glioma, to evaluate the degree of tumor resection. Biopsy tissues were obtained the suspicious residual tumors surrounding the tumor cavity. The sensitivity and specificity of the residual tumors were determined by the intraoperative ultrasound contrast according to TEM examination results.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were 44 cases of low-grade gliomas and 76 cases of high-grade gliomas. Three hundred and sixty biopsy tissues were obtained. The sensitivity of intraoperative ultrasound contrast in diagnosing the residual tumor was 62.2%, while the specificity degree of it was 92.8%. The consistency coefficient of the ultrasound contrast diagnosis and TEM examination results was 0.584 (Kappa = 0.584), which was between 0.4 and 0.6, therefore it was of medium consistency. Conclusions : Intraoperative ultrasound contrast was of a high sensitivity and specificity in evaluating the excision degree of tumor. The consistency of the residual tumor rate detected, respectively, by ultrasound contrast and TEM examination was of medium consistency. The application of intraoperative ultrasound contrast can improve the resection rate of brain glioma.</p>

Severe pathological manifestation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy correlates with poor outcome from cerebral amyloid angiopathy related intracranial hemorrhage / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is one of the main causes of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). No established link is available between pathological scores of CAA and its outcome. This study aimed to identify the correlations between pathological severity and poor postoperative outcome in the Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between May 2006 and April 2011, 367 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for CAA-related ICH in 71 hospitals throughout the mainland of China were enrolled in this study. Twelve months after surgery, we evaluated these patients' outcomes according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and statistically correlated risk factors (demographics, medical history, pathological results, and surgical details) that are associated with a favorable (mRS < 3) and poor (mRS ≥ 3) outcome groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Risk factors for poor postoperative outcome in 367 patients with CAA-related ICH included advanced age (OR 1.034, 95%CI 1.001 - 1.067, P = 0.042), CAA pathology severity (OR 2.074, 95%CI 7.140 - 16.25, P < 0.001), lobar hematoma (OR 0.225, 95%CI 0.104 - 0.486, P < 0.001), presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (OR 0.478, 95%CI 0.229 - 1.001, P = 0.050), and/or subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR 2.629, 95%CI, 1.051 - 6.577, P = 0.039).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Poor postoperative outcome of patients with CAA-related ICH was more related to the severe pathological manifestation instead of other factors. Prior ischemia may present an early stage of CAA.</p>

Clinical and histopathologic features of biofilm-associated chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Chinese patients / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Biofilms have given new insights to the understanding of pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the link between biofilms formation and local inflammatory response remains poorly defined in CRS with nasal polys. The aim of this study was to determine the potential association of the presence of biofilms in the nasal mucosal tissues with clinical features in Chinese patients, which had CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 19 patients with CRSwNP and 12 patients with non-CRS were subjected to endoscopic surgery and their nasal mucosal tissue specimens were examined histologically and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Their demographic and clinical features were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Thirteen (68.4%) out of the 19 specimens from patients with CRSwNP, but none from control patients, were positive for biofilms that displayed typical characteristics of bacterial and fugal structures. The presence of biofilms in the nasal mucosal tissues was associated with significantly greater values of purulent nasal discharge and preoperative Lund-Kennedy scores, higher levels of serum total IgE and percentages of subjects with endoscopic surgery (ESS) history in patients with CRSwNP, and more severe inflammation in the nasal mucosal tissues of patients with CRSwNP.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our study demonstrated the presence of biofilms in the nasal mucosal tissues of many patients, contributing to the understanding of the pathogenic process of CRSwNP in Chinese patients.</p>

Comparative ultrastructural study of parotid gland, lacrimal gland and pituitary gland between miniature pig and mouse / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the ultrastructure of parotid glands, lacrimal glands and pituitary glands between miniature pig and mouse.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five adult miniature pigs and 5 mice were studied. Ultrastructure of their parotid glands, lacrimal glands, and pituitary glands was observed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The secretary granules in acinar cell of miniature pig parotid glands showed higher density and more aequalis than those of mice. The cell apparatus in acinar cell of mouse parotid glands were more plentiful than those of miniature pigs. The secretary granules on blood vessel wall were richer in parotid gland of miniature pigs compared with mouse parotid gland. Lacrimal gland had the similar ultrastructure to parotid gland in these two animals. Many blood vessel antrum were found in pituitary glands of these two animals.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Compared with mouse parotid glands, there are more secretary granules in acinar cells and vascular endothelial cells in miniature pig parotid glands, which might enter blood stream and have function of endocrine secretion.</p>

Clinical features of primary ciliary dyskinesia / 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three cases of PCD received endoscopic sinus surgery and were followed up for life quality and recovery. Among these 3 cases, two were twin brothers and the other girl was twin born with a healthy brother. The mucosa of inferior turbinate was extracted prior to the operation without narcotic and decongestant. The ultrastructure of mucosal cilia was detected with electron microscope. Nine exons of gene DNAH5 and chromosome in one case and her fraternal twin were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Nasal and sinus CT imaging of the 3 cases showed chronic pansinusitis (1 case accompanied with situs inversus according with the diagnosis of Kartagener syndrome). The nasal polyp was resected, and the sinuses were opened. The twin brothers received the adenoidectomy. All patients felt nasal ventilation improved while the surgical field still covered with thick discharges during follow-up for 2 - 4 years. Ciliary ultrastructures of the three cases showed lateral dynein absent, the sequence of 9 exons of DNAH5 and chromosome presented no change in the fraternal twins.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Surgery could improve the symptoms of sinusitis in PCD. Change of ciliary ultrastructure was an important indication of its pathological changes and molecular biology evaluation needs further study.</p>

Effect of host derived matrix metalloproteinase on the degradation of root dentin collagen / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of dentin matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) on the degradation of root dentin collagen.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Root dentin powder was demineralized with acetic acid (pH 4.0) at 4 degrees C for 14 d, then dialysed and centrifuged. Precipitation was divided into 7 groups, with 6 samples in each group, and each sample was 50.0 mg. One milliliter artificial saliva with a different reagent was added in each sample respectively. The reagents were 2 mmol/L APMA (MMP activator), 2 mmol/L EDTA, 100 mmol/L EDTA, 200 mmol/L EDTA, 0.2% and 0.02% chlorhexidine (MMP inhibitor), and the blank artificial saliva was taken as control. The amount of degraded collagen of each sample was determined with hydroxyproline assay kit. Scanning electron microscope was employed to observe the morphological and structural changes of root dentin which was demineralized or put into artificial saliva after being demineralized.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean amount of degraded collagen in APMA group was significantly higher than that in the blank group (P < 0.05). The mean amount of degraded collagen in 2 mmol/L, 100 mmol/L, 200 mmol/L EDTA, 0.02% and 0.2% chlorhexidine groups was dramatically lower than that of the APMA group and the blank (P < 0.01). SEM observation indicated that the structural integrity of the collagen network on root surface dentin still existed in root dentin surface after being demineralized alone, while collagenous fibril was destructed and the structural integrity on root dentin surface disappeared after being demineralized and treated by artificial saliva.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>MMP in root dentin can degrade root dentin collagen after being activated at low pH followed by neutralization. The results suggest that host MMP may play an important role in the process of dentin caries formation.</p>

Function magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor tractography in patients with brain gliomas involving motor areas: clinical application and outcome / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the role of preoperative blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) to identify the relationship between motor cortical area, pyramidal tracts with brain gliomas in neurosurgical treatment of intraoperative electrical stimulation for gliomas involving motor areas at 3T.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-eight patients with brain gliomas involving motor areas were included. They underwent MRI examination, which included conventional T1WI, T2WI, BOLD-fMRI of bilateral hands movement paradigm and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The data of BOLD-fMRI and DTI were transferred to the workstation (Leonardo syngo 2003A, Siemens) and analyzed. Activation mapping of hands movement, fractional Anisotropy (FA) Color and three dimensional pyramidal tracts were produced. The relationship between motor cortical area, pyramidal tracts and brain gliomas was demonstrated, which was used to optimize the pre-surgical planning. With guidance of the result of BOLD-fMRI and DTT, all patients received microsurgery under anaesthesia retaining consciousness using intraoperative motor functional brain mapping with the method of direct electrical stimulations. The brain lesions were removed as far as possible in the case of eloquent areas and sub-cortical important white matters preservation. The preoperative and postoperative KPS of all patients were operated to evaluate the state of patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>BOLD-fMRI, DTI were performed successfully in 28 patients. The relationship between the primary motor cortex, premotor area, supplementary motor area, pyramidal tracts and brain gliomas localized by preoperative fMRI and DTI. Under anaesthesia retaining consciousness, the primary motor area was monitored by the method of direct electrical stimulations with the guidance of preoperative BOLD-fMRI. There was good correlation between preoperative fMRI and intraoperative cortical stimulation. Furthermore, the preoperative mappings and DTT could make up for the un-monitored motor areas and pyramidal tracts during operative cortical stimulation. Comparing the preoperative KPS, the postoperative KPS was advanced.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>BOLD-fMRI and DTT could non-invasively localize the relationship between brain motor cortex, pyramidal tracts and brain gliomas in vivo to optimize the surgical planning, guide the microsurgery under anaesthesia retaining consciousness using intraoperative motor functional brain mapping with the method of direct electrical stimulations and remove brain tumors as far as possible in the case of eloquent areas and sub-cortical important white matters preservation.</p>

Changes of Ultrastructure of Muscle in Rats with Spastic Palsy after Injected with Botulinum Toxin / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To observe the ultrastructural changes of end-plate and gastrocnemius muscle of rats with spastic palsy after injected with botulinum toxin type A in order to provide scientific base of histomorphology for clinical use of botulinum toxin type A.Methods Wistar rats′ pyramidal tracts in experiment group were injured by electric current 2.5 mA for 30 s,twice,but 36 normal control rats were only drilled hole in skull(control group).Seventy-two rats were successful in building spastic palsy model.Botulinum toxin type A (6 U/kg) were injected into right gastrocnemius muscles of 36 spastic palsy rats (group B),and physiological saline were injected into the same muscles in 36 spastic palsy rats as control(group A).Control group were not injected.The rats of group A,group B were sacrificed on 3,7,15,30,60 and 90 days after botulinum toxin therapy,and right gastrocnemius muscles was separated for histological analysis.Results Under the electron microscope,the structure of muscle fiber in group B had changed(Z line rupture,disorder and abolition,myofilament lysis,triad tract diso-rder,vacuolar degeneration) and these changes in group B occurred earlier and were severer than those in group A.There was compensatory hypertrophy of muscle fiber at later stages in group B.During the first 15 days after botulinum toxin type A injection,there were many synaptic vesicle without pre-synaptic membranes near terminal portion of nonmedullated nerve fibers.Following this,between 15 to 30 days,there were many folds similar to postsynaptic membranes in the cellular membranes and there were many grains in it.But there was no synaptic vesicle and pre-synaptic membranes near them.Compensatory hypertrophy and atrophy of muscle fiber coexist at 90 days after injection in group B.Conclusions Injection of botulinum toxin type A maybe induce the sprout of nerve and degeneration of the partial postsynaptic where there are many grains.It also accelerates muscle atrophy,but it induces compensatory hypertrophy of muscle fiber at later stage.It implies that injection of botulinum toxin type A can improve spasm symptom of the gastrocnemius muscles and this is good for muscle fiber repairing.

Morphological characteristics of submandibular glands of miniature pig / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Miniature pig (minipig) is increasingly used as a large animal model for a variety of biomedical studies. Little information is available in the literature on anatomy, histology and sialograghy of the submandibular gland of the minipig. The purpose of this study was to characterize the morphology of a miniature pig's (minipig) submandibular gland as a large animal model for further biomedical studies.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Five minipigs were subjected to sialographic, anatomic, histologic, histochemical and ultrastructural evaluations for submandibular glands.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sialograms showed a long, horizontal main excretory duct and a pear-shaped gland located inferoposterior to the angle of the mandible. The submandibular glands lied superficial to the suprahyoid, and infrahyoid muscle groups, and were covered by the inferior portion of the parotid gland. The submandibular glands were characterized by a mixed parenchyma of mucous and serous secretory acini. Alcian blue (AB) staining and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reactions demonstrated that minipig submandibular glands synthesized and secreted acid mucous substances by serous cells and polysaccharide, and neutral mucous substances, by mucous cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The submandibular gland of the minipig is considered a useful large salivary gland animal model for biomedical studies.</p>